The Didache (or Teaching of the Twelve Apostles) is a fascinating first or second century Christian treatise dealing with Christian ethics and rituals. Many consider this text to be the earliest example of what might be called a “church manual” or “church orders.”
The chief textual witness to the text of the Didache is an eleventh-century Greek parchment manuscript known as Codex Hierosolymitanus (or Codex H) that was discovered in the late nineteenth century, now kept in Jerusalem. The Church Fathers also cite the Didache, so we know it enjoyed a place within early Christian life and practice. Eusebius, for example, places it alongside non-canonical books that “are known to most of the writers of the Church” (Ecclesiastical History 3.25). In the early twentieth century, two small Greek parchment codex fragments with portions of the Didache turned up in the Egyptian city of Oxyrhynchus. These represent the earliest Greek witness of the Didache by about 650 years, since the fragments are generally dated to the fourth century (and Codex H to the year 1056). In 1922, British papyrologist Arthur Hunt published the edition of the fragments in the famous Oxyrhynchus Papyri series. The fragments are referred to by their publication number, P.Oxy. 15.1782. Measuring 5 x 5.8 cm and 5.7 x 4.8 cm, the fragments are part of a “miniature codex.” These palm-sized manuscripts apparently became popular among Christians in the fourth century and beyond, and quite a few of them were discovered in the ancient trash heaps at Oxyrhynchus. The Oxyrhynchus fragments preserve the text of Didache 1:3c-4a and 2:7b—3:2a. Hunt calculated that eight leaves were required for the text intervening between folio 1 verso and folio 2 recto. This is of course assuming that the fragments are part of a continuous text of the Didache and not merely extracts. (I personally think it is highly possible that we have here extracts and not a continuous text, but more on that later.) The fragments are significant for their age but also because they demonstrate variation in wording compared to the text of Codex H. To wrap up this brief summary, I provide below two good photographs of the two Oxhyrhynchus Didache fragments.
8 Comments
Thomas J. Kraus
4/14/2016 10:55:24 am
Well done, Brice. Keep on pointing out interesting manuscripts and fragments, please. Miniature codices are fascinating but unfortunately not very often addressed and assessed as such (focus is mostly set on their texts and, then, variants = textual criticism) and as artifacts/objects. Your idea that it might be more likely that P.Oxy. 15.1782 contains extracts (and not a running text as we expect it to be today) is interesting and needs further reflection (text!), but could lead to one of the practical usages of such miniatures as notebooks/scrapbooks (for notes or personal notes). Thanks for that, Brice.
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Jeremiah Coogan
4/14/2016 11:03:59 am
Thanks, Brice!
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4/14/2016 08:56:02 pm
Jeremiah, by "extracts" I mean stand-alone selections. This does not necessarily mean that they were "copied" by the scribe of P.Oxy. 1782 from a larger text. They could have been copied from memory, from another exemplar containing extracts, the local liturgy, etc.
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4/14/2016 11:15:44 am
Thank you for these comments, Thomas! I have relied on your work on miniature codices quite a lot. I think there is so much more to be said about these little books in relation to literacy, book production, ritual, personal devotion, and so on. I have stared at so many amulets over the last few years that I can't help but wonder how many of these actually served that purpose. In the case of P.Oxy. 1782, the content is indeed ritually charged. Some people's desire to rigidly distinguish between amulets and miniature codices is flawed, as I have tried to show. You and I need to discuss this more. I wish it was convenient enough to do so over beer, but distance will not allow that.
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Tommy Wasserman
4/14/2016 11:46:18 am
Thanks for posting this Brice!
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Thomas J. Kraus
4/14/2016 01:32:39 pm
Yes, you are right as far as certain Christian items are concerned (amulets). But many with the Psalms and, above all, those with classical texts (e.g., Demosthenes, Isocrates) definitely served another and very practical purpose. I have recently written about that too. HOWEVER, you caught me, Brice: beer! I am Bavarian! You know what that means? We MUST fix a day for discussing in San Antonio this November, okay? Beer, talks, and let's develop a fine project how to deal with miniature formats/codices. How does this sound?
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James E Sedlacek
4/14/2016 03:30:41 pm
What is the approximate dating for this manuscript?
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